The mlolongo system enabled rigging through queue manipulation, miscounting, and coercion. Government officials and candidate supporters controlled queues, moved voters between queues, and intimidated voters into supporting government-backed candidates. Election officials could see actual vote distributions and manipulate counts to produce predetermined results. The rigging was so extensive that actual voter preferences bore little relationship to announced results. In many constituencies, results were determined in advance by government officials, and the mlolongo process was merely theater to legitimize predetermined outcomes.
See Also
- 1988 Election
- Mlolongo System
- 1988 Election Public Outrage
- Daniel arap Moi
- Kenya Election Fraud
- 1988 Election Results
Sources
- Widner, Jennifer. The Rise of a Party-State in Kenya. University of California Press, 1992.
- Hornsby, Charles. Kenya: A History Since Independence. I.B. Tauris, 2012.
- Gitonga, Ezra. "Moi's Kenya: Social Engineering in a Kleptocratic State." In Rogue States and State Sponsors of Terrorism. Edited by Robert Rotberg, 2007.