Between 1952 and 1960, over 150,000 Kikuyu were detained in camps across Kenya. Manyani, Hola, Mackinnon Road, and dozens of smaller sites became holding pens for suspected Mau Mau. Conditions were brutal. Detainees were beaten, starved, and subjected to forced labor. The Hola massacre in 1959, where eleven detainees were clubbed to death, finally forced the British to confront what they had built. The camps were a system of violence designed to break resistance. They succeeded in crushing Mau Mau. They also created a generation that would never forgive or forget what was done to them.