By 1990, Kenya was suffocating. Moi had ruled for twelve years as the sole candidate. The economy was in ruins. Dissent was crushed. Then the Cold War ended, and Western donors demanded political reform. Kenneth Matiba and Charles Rubia called for multiparty democracy. They were detained. Raila Odinga, Gitobu Imanyara, and others kept pushing. In December 1991, Moi conceded. The one-party era was over. But multiparty did not mean democracy. Moi won in 1992 and 1997 through violence and ethnic division. It took until 2002 for Kenyans to finally vote him out. The second liberation was a long fight.