Mombasa relies on water transported from the Mzima Springs in Tsavo National Park, located approximately 200 kilometers inland. This water supply arrangement creates vulnerability and has led to recurring water crises affecting the city.
Mzima Springs
The Mzima Springs are a series of freshwater springs emerging from underground aquifers in the Tsavo region. These springs provide approximately 150 million liters of water daily, with water quality initially excellent as it comes from underground sources.
Water Transportation Infrastructure
Water from Mzima is transported via pipeline to Mombasa, a distance of over 200 kilometers. The pipeline network requires constant maintenance due to deterioration, leaks, and theft from informal connections. Leakage rates are estimated at 30 to 40 percent, meaning significant water is lost en route.
Water Scarcity
Despite the substantial daily flow from Mzima, Mombasa faces chronic water scarcity. Population growth, increased commercial water use, aging infrastructure, and high leakage rates combine to create persistent shortages.
Distribution Challenges
The Mombasa Water and Sewerage Company (MOWASCO) struggles to distribute available water equitably. High-income areas receive water frequently, while low-income neighborhoods receive water intermittently or not at all.
Informal Water Vending
Water shortages have created an informal water vending economy. Vendors purchase water from formal suppliers or unauthorized connections and resell to households at marked-up prices. Poorer households often pay more per liter than wealthier households with piped connections.
Seasonal Variation
Water availability varies seasonally, with greater availability during rainy seasons and shortages during dry seasons. Climate change is making dry seasons longer and more severe, reducing water availability.
Alternative Water Sources
Emergency measures during crises have included emergency supply from tanker trucks and treatment of lower-quality water sources. However, these alternatives are expensive and of variable quality.
Population Growth Pressure
Mombasa's growing population increases water demand, while the supply from Mzima remains relatively static. This growing imbalance threatens future water security.
Proposed Solutions
Solutions proposed include leak reduction in distribution networks, increased treatment capacity, demand management, and exploration of alternative sources. However, implementation has been slow due to cost constraints.
See Also
Mombasa Timeline Mombasa History Mombasa Port Mijikenda Mombasa Economy Fort Jesus